Samote Erhadzy (Standard: sámote ərhádzy; Samote: samote ărhazъy) is the dialect of Erhadzy spoken in the eastern region of Lesan, with Samote being the major city of the region.
Contents |
| labial | dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop | p · pˤ · (β) · bˤ | t · tˤ · (ð) · dˤ | k · q · (ɣ) · ɢ | ʔ | ||
| nasal | m · mˤ | n · nˤ | ŋ · ɴ | |||
| fricative | ɸ · ɸˤ · β · (bˤ) | ð · (dˤ) | s · sˤ · z · zˤ | ɕ · ɕˤ · ʑ · ʑˤ | x · χ · ɣ · (ɢ) | h · ħ |
| approximant | w · ʔw | ɹ · ɹˤ | j · ʔj | ʁ · ʀ | ||
| lateral | l · ɫ | ʎ · (ɫ) | ||||
| front | central | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | i | ɯ | u | ||
| near-close | |||||
| mid-close | |||||
| mid | ʌ | o | |||
| mid-open | ɛ | ||||
| near-open | |||||
| open | ɑ | ||||
| front | central | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | iː | ɯː | uː | ||
| near-close | |||||
| mid-close | (eː) | ||||
| mid | oː | ||||
| mid-open | |||||
| near-open | æː | ||||
| open | ɑː | ||||
| front | central | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| close | ĩː | ɯ̃ː | |||
| near-close | ũː | ||||
| mid-close | |||||
| mid | |||||
| mid-open | ɔ̃ː | ||||
| near-open | æ̃ː | ||||
| open | ɑ̃ː | ||||
| short | long | nasal | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ɛ | æː | æ̃ː | |
| i | iː | ĩː | |
| ɯ | ɯː | ɯ̃ː | |
| ʌ | ɑ | ʌ̃ː | |
| ɑ | ɑː | ɑ̃ː | |
| o | oː | ɔ̃ː | |
| u | uː | ũː |
There are some special combinations of vowels which are pronounced without hiatus:
| to front | to back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| /ɛi/ [eː] | /ɛɑ/ [ɛɑ̯] | /ɛo/ [ɛo̯] | |
| /ɯi/ [ɯi̯] | |||
| /ʌi/ [ʌi̯] | /ʌɯ/ [ʌɯ̯] | /ʌu/ [ʌu̯] | |
| /ɑi/ [ɑi̯] | /ɑɯ/ [aɯ̯] | /ɑu/ [ɑu̯] | |
| /oi/ [ɔi̯] | /ou/ [ou̯] | ||
| /ui/ [ui̯] |
All other combinations, including quantity, permutation and nasalisation variations on the above, are pronounced with hiatus and therefore not considered a single syllable.
Samote Erhadzy phonotactics is even stricter than Standard Erhadzy - only (C)V syllables are permitted. Some morphological and phonemic alternations in Samote are due to this rule:
Samote Erhadzy is mora-timed, which means that each mora has approximately the same duration in speech. A syllable has two morae
Sequences of a short vowel followed by or preceding a nasal vowel are pronounced with hiatus, hence strictly speaking, nasal diphthongs do not occur. Theoretically these would have three morae.
Samote Erhadzy has discarded the baroque declension classes of Standard Erhadzy in favour of a simpler morphophonemic alternation between postvocalic and postconsonantal suffixes. Some polysyllabic suffixes have also been abbreviated.
| sg | pl | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | primarily used in topical phrases, i.e. as for ... | ||
| Nominative | -wă -ъo | ||
| Accusative | -aƞ | -a | |
| Genitive | -nă -ăƞ | ||
| Dative | -saƞ -ăsaƞ | -sa -ăsa | i.e. [to give] to ..., [to do] for ...; also indicates cause in general as an extension of the latter. |
| Instrumental | -akaƞ | -aka | i.e. using ..., with ..., by [means of] ...; also indicates agents in passive sentences. |
| Adessive | -waƞ -uwaƞ | -wa -uwa | i.e. on ..., near ..., by [the side of] ...; both locative and temporal. |
| Inessive | -rhъuaƞ -ărhъuaƞ | -rhъua -ărhъua | i.e. in ..., within ...; both locative and temporal. |
| Ablative | -te -ote | i.e. from .... | |
| Illative | -eƞ | -ea | i.e. into .... |
| Allative | -laƞ -ylaƞ | -la -yla | i.e. to(wards) .... |
| Essive | -ъeƞ | -ъea | i.e. as ..., being .... |
Personal pronouns in Samote Erhadzy have a somewhat irregular declension.
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct | wiƞ | le | eƞ | wi | zъo | e | |
| Nominative | winъo | lewă | enъo | wiwă | zъowă | ewă | |
| Accusative | winaƞ | leaƞ | enaƞ | wia | zъoa | ea | |
| Genitive | winăƞ | lenə | enăƞ | winə | zъonə | enə | |
| Dative | wiƞsaƞ | lesaƞ | eƞsaƞ | wisa | zъosa | esa | |
| Instrumental | winakaƞ | leakaƞ | enakaƞ | wiaka | zъoaka | eaka | |
| Adessive | winuwaƞ | lewaƞ | enuwaƞ | wiwa | zъowa | ewa | |
| Inessive | winărhъuaƞ | lérhъuaƞ | enărhъuaƞ | wirhъua | zъorhъua | erhъua | |
| Ablative | winote | lete | enote | wite | zъote | ete | |
| Illative | wineƞ | leeƞ | éneƞ | wiea | zъoea | ēa | |
| Allative | winylaƞ | lelaƞ | enylaƞ | wila | zъola | ela | |
| Essive | winъeƞ | leъeƞ | enъeƞ | wíъea | zъoъea | eъea |
As with the nominal inflection system, the verbal conjugation system has also been simplified: by practically eliminating it altogether. While the non-finite morphology remains mostly intact, only a handful of verbs still take finite forms:
Samote Erhadzy infinitives function both as abstract nouns (which take no arguments), as participles (in the genitive case) and as phrase nominalisers. In the latter capacity, they are also used as adjuncts. Additionally, the Yhát cohortative and the active habitual infinitive collapsed together in Old Erhadzy; furthermore, concordant with the fossilisation of mood prefixes in Middle Erhadzy, the imperative also fell in with the infinitive in Early Modern Erhadzy.
Dynamic verbs can be transformed into stative verbs by taking the combining form of an infinitive as the stem and conjugating it as an adjective.
Verbal stems ending in a consonant insert an epenthetic /ʌ/ (most verbs) or /u/ (after /k q ɣ ɢ/, triggering lenition) before the passive infinitive suffixes.
| Active | Passive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Habitual | -e | -le | also functions as a simple infinitive. |
| Aorist | -eo | -leo | combining form -(l)ev. |
| Imperfective | -ē | -lē | combining form -(l)ezъ. |
The finite forms of the conjugable six verbs are as follows.
| 1sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-past | e.g. I go, I will go. | |||||
| wi | wijyƞ | wijoƞ | wijy | wiļă | wijă | to be |
| weke | wexyƞ | wekoƞ | wexy | welъă | wekă | to do |
| tъeje | tъayƞ | tъaoƞ | tъay | tъală | tъaă | to become; also used as an future auxiliary verb. |
| nune | nunyƞ | nunoƞ | nuny | nuƞlă | nună | to go; also used as an future/progressive auxiliary verb. |
| ote | oṭyƞ | otoƞ | oṭy | oṭilă | otă | to come; also used as an past/progressive auxiliary verb. |
| salъe | salъyƞ | salъoƞ | salъy | salъolă | salъo | to give |
| Preterite | e.g. I went, I had gone. | |||||
| eo (ew-) | euƞ | ewoƞ | eo | eolă | ewă | to be |
| wefe | wefuƞ | wefoƞ | wefu | wefulă | wefă | to do |
| nuƞwe | nuƞuƞ | nuƞwoƞ | nuƞu | nuƞulă | nuƞwă | to go; also used as an future/progressive auxiliary verb. |
| oṭue | oṭiwiƞ | oṭuoƞ | oṭui | oṭulă | otъo | to come; also used as an past/progressive auxiliary verb. |
| salъowe | salъouƞ | salъowoƞ | salъou | salъolă | salъowă | to give |
| Emphatic present | e.g. I am going now, I have just gone. | |||||
| ā (azъ-) | aʒъyƞ | azъoƞ | aʒъy | aʒъylă | azъă | to be |
| wexuzъe | wexuʒъyƞ | wexuzъoƞ | wexuʒъy | wexuʒъylă | wexuzъă | to do |
| tъazъe | tъaʒъyƞ | tъazъoƞ | tъaʒъy | tъaʒъylă | tъazъă | to become |
| nuƞzъe | nuƞʒъyƞ | nuƞzъoƞ | nuƞʒъy | nuƞʒъylă | nuƞzъă | to go |
| osъe | oşъyƞ | osъoƞ | oşъy | oşъylă | osъă | to come |
| salъozъe | salъoʒъyƞ | salъozъoƞ | salъoʒъy | salъoʒъylă | salъozъă | to give |
In Samote Erhadzy, adjectives modify nouns by the genitive of the zero-derived noun, for example, karysăƞ xuņiġuņi for (the) nearby countries, where karys- is the stem of the adjective. Theoretically, we could also say karysoină xuņiġuņi, using the infinitive instead of the bare stem, however, this is not done in practice. Adjectives do, however, conjugate when in predicate position, as they do in Standard Erhadzy.
| Non-past | Preterite | Present | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverb | -ă | |||
| Infinitive | -oi | -ăeo | -ā | |
| 1sg | -oijyƞ | -ăeuƞ | -aʒъyƞ | |
| 3sg | -oijoƞ | -ăewoƞ | -azъoƞ | |
| 1pl | -oijy | -ăeo | -azъy | |
| 2pl | -oiļă | -ăeolă | -aʒъylă | |
| 3pl | -oijă | -ăewă | -azъă | |
şъişărhъeƞ wi, kъalesăƞ şъişъeƞ wi, saƞraly-mălakъeƞ evăƞ şъiƞkъăƞ şъy eole-wefoƞ:
“mălazъăƞ păkъaxuwaƞ āvenă ily, azъăƞ sotoġuņiwă wiƞsaƞ ăkъone-wefă.
“kъarysăƞ hăsotoġuņi şъy ewe-wefă: “enăƞ mălazъo şъişărhъeƞ yŋewoƞ. awăƞ kъaronăƞ şъiļăsa wīleo-ewă, şъuwăƞ nakъeƞ tъejevoijoƞ. săly mălazъăƞ păkъaxuwaƞ āvenă ka sъaluъeƞ wijoƞ.”
“saƞraly-mălakъeƞ wină wiƞ mălazъăƞ păkъaxuwaƞ āvenă aly, wiƞsaƞ akъonezъăƞ hăsotoġuņila nunevăƞ ily, nyfъă ālъonă hăsaxyla nuneo-wefuƞ. ea lyrakъē, malenă mălinylaƞ zъunaƞ uleo-wefuƞ. şъy eweo-wefuƞ: “winăƞ exy u, sъăsъană xany u, kъarysăƞ hăsotoġuņiwă winaƞ sъaluъeƞ pase owamone-wekă. şъuwăƞ lenă lesъaxynăƞ kъāsăsa pareaƞ sakē-wexuzъă. winăƞ exy u, hăhaxyna mălaƞpъeo ykъusalъe!”
“ālъo winăƞ rhărhazъa rheleo-wefoƞ. winaƞ ūleo, ikonăsaƞ efaurhaƞ salъăleo-wefoƞ. winaƞ parenă ea karălarhъua wiweo-wefuƞ. winakaƞ fileleo-ewă. hejaxya-ăƞ hăfeya-ăƞ hăhorha aweo-wefuƞ, şъuwăƞ kъalesylaƞ filejeo-wefuƞ.”Ōmishima: